Peace is Possible Khmer Article for TRANSCEND
Peace proved to be Possible, even after thirty years of Cambodian Civil War
Robin Edward Poulton, TRANSCEND Member
As proponents of Peace Journalism in a world of wars and conflicts, a conflict resolution and disarmament success story is a precious commodity. Cambodia at the turn of the Millennium provided such a story.
CONTEXT
A quick reminder: Cambodia fell to pieces after - and as a direct result of - the Vietnam War. Vietnam and Cambodia were both French colonies. When the French were forced to leave Vietnam after their military defeat in Dien Ben Phu, the American army moved in to fill the war space. Next-door Cambodia found life difficult between the Yanks and the Viets. The wily Khmer leader King Sihanouk was not strong enough to deny either power, allowing the Americans to use his seaports, while tolerating Vietnamese transport of goods using paths on the Khmer side of the frontier (the Ho Chi Minh Trail). The Americans wanted subservience, and in 1970 the CIA supported their stool pigeon General Lon Nol – serving as Sihanouk’s prime minister - to seize power, abolish the monarchy and declare a Khmer Republic under his dictatorship. This American mis-calculation turned the whole Cambodian people against them overnight. The King was an admired, almost god-like figure. Lon Nol’s regime was totally corrupt, and totally dependent on the Americans whose money fed the corruption.
The Lon Nol coup transformed the Khmer Rouge, a minor communist guerrilla force led by Pol Pot in the northern borderlands, into the official armed opposition and the country was now in open civil war. Sihanouk had no choice but to seek Chinese support ….. which later transformed the King into a prisoner of the Khmer Rouge. When the Americans fled Vietnam in 1975, Lon Nol fled too and the country they had destroyed together was set for a Communist take-over. The story of Pol Pot’s regime is well-known: a million people died until Khmer Rouge deserters led a Vietnamese army to clear out Pol Pot and restore sanity. One of those leaders was Hun Sen, who is still Cambodia’s Prime Minister. Sihanouk having died, Cambodia today is led by his successor King Norodom Sihamoni. Prime Minister Hun Sen, the real political power broker, has ruled Cambodia for almost 30 years.
PEACE IS POSSIBLE
If you want a fascinating story that you could never have imagined, this short book is for you! What is “Peace”? Most of us have no idea what “peace” actually means. After 30 years of civil war, torture and the Pol Pot genocide, what could “Peace” possibly mean to Cambodian villagers? For a start, it means fewer firearms.
Peace is Possible: Exchanging Weapons for Development and how we disarmed the Khmer Rouge with wit, bluff and balloons is available on Amazon as paperback and on Kindle
This book tells a wonderful story of how Khmer Rouge villagers were persuaded to define peace for themselves. Poulton was engaged in a Council of Europe security sector reform project led by his friend and mentor General Henny van der Graaf. For Henny, this was politics and military reform; for Robin it was peace anthropology.
Without deep knowledge of Cambodia, he learned as he advanced, reading densely and watching intently. Crawling across the wooden floors of rural pagodas behind the local governor, he counted the number of times he should bow to golden statues of the Buddha, then to the saffron-colored monks. He charmed the monks to become his disarmament allies. He used humour to convince Cambodian villagers to give up their Kalashnikovs and accept development projects in exchange for their rifles.
Exchanging Weapons-for-Development: it sounds obvious, but it only happens with good NGO support. Who imagines how “Peace” is actually created? Poulton explains how it can was done along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, telling a great story with some wonderful pictures of Cambodia and its post-war chaos.
You can read this story in an hour. To understand it may take you a lifetime. For United Nations peace experts, there are Lessons Learned and checklists to help them transfer the Cambodian experience to (say) Syria or Libya or Yemen …… but for anyone interested in Asian culture, for anyone interested in the processes of peace, this story is a fascinating, eye-opening revelation.
********************************
Robin Edward Poulton, and member of TRANSCEND, was research fellow, and later a Senior Fellow of UNIDIR, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. He and Henny van der Graaf were both made Chevalier of the Royal Cambodian Order of Samotrei for their peace work. Poulton is also Chevalier de l’Ordre national du Mali for his disarmament work in West Africa.